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Cord factor
Cord factor, or trehalose dimycolate, is a glycolipid molecule found in the cell wall of ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' and similar species. It is the primary lipid found on the exterior of ''M. tuberculosis'' cells. Cord factor influences the arrangement of ''M. tuberculosis'' cells into long and slender formations, giving its name. Cord factor is virulent towards mammalian cells and critical for survival of ''M. tuberculosis'' in hosts, but not outside of hosts. Cord factor has been observed to influence immune responses, induce the formation of granulomas, and inhibit tumor growth.
==Structure==
A cord factor molecule is composed of a trehalose sugar, a disaccharide, that is esterified to two mycolic acid residues. One of the two mycolic acid residues is attached to the sixth carbon of one monosaccharide, while the other mycolic acid residue is attached to the sixth carbon of the other monosaccharide.〔 Therefore, cord factor is also named trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate.〔 The carbon chain of the mycolic acid residues vary in length depending on the species of bacteria it is found in, but the general range is 20 to 80 carbon atoms.〔 Cord factor's amphiphilic nature leads to varying structures when many cord factor molecules are in close proximity.〔 On a hydrophobic surface, they spontaneously form a crystalline monolayer. This crystalline monolayer is extremely durable and firm; it is stronger than any other amphiphile found in biology. This monolayer also forms in oil-water, plastic-water, and air-water surfaces.〔 In an aqueous environment free of hydrophobic surfaces, cord factor forms a micelle. Furthermore, cord factor interlocks with lipoarabinomannan (LAM), which is found on the surface of ''M. tuberculosis'' cells as well, to form an asymmetrical bilayer.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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